Non-rotating wind energy generator

ABSTRACT

In an embodiment of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generator uses the fluid flow principles of vortex shedding and transverse galloping to generate oscillatory motion of a beam, and alternators, optionally located near both ends of the beam, generate electrical power when the beam is in motion.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/054,820, filed on Oct. 15, 2013 entitled “Non-Rotating Wind EnergyGenerator,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.U.S. application Ser. No. 14/054,820 claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/863,900, filed on Aug. 8, 2013 entitled “NovelMagnet And Coil Inductor Configurations For A Non-Rotating Wind EnergyGenerator,” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.Additionally, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/054,820 claims the benefit ofpriority to and is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US12/33754, filed Apr.16, 2012, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/476,103, filed Apr. 15, 2011 entitled “Non-Rotating Wind EnergyGenerator,” which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

FIELD

This invention relates to generating electrical power from wind.

BACKGROUND

The ever-increasing demand for sustainable, environmentally-friendlypower generation from wind is currently met with devices such as thewind turbine. Although wind turbines are the most commonly used methodof generating electrical power from wind, they have several inherentdrawbacks. These devices are costly, difficult to construct, install,and maintain, highly visible, noisy, large, susceptible to damage, andrelatively difficult to transport and assemble. Their tall stature makesthem susceptible to damage from flying debris, birds, and even lowflying planes. The U.S. Military has also voiced concerns claiming theplacement of wind turbines in a radar system's line of sight mayadversely impact the unit's ability to detect threats. Rotating windturbines are also not suitable for military applications that requirequiet, inconspicuous power generation in remote locations. Additionally,when facing high wind speeds, a mechanical brake must be applied,creating losses and inefficiencies. Therefore, there is a need forportable, non-rotating devices that can generate useful amounts ofelectrical power in a quiet, inconspicuous manner.

A system created by Vortex Hydro Energy uses the principle ofvortex-induced vibration in water to harness wave energy. The companyhas developed a device called the Vortex Induced Vibration Aquatic CleanEnergy (VIVACE). This product uses vortex-induced vibration as a primarymeans of creating mechanical motion from fluid flow. The system isdesigned to operate underwater in ocean currents. This system uses anelectrically variable spring constant system that dynamically changesthe natural frequency to allow for optimization at different flowspeeds. This system is unsatisfactory for wind power generation due tothe large difference between the fluid flow properties of air. Thefrequency of vortex shedding in air is much faster that the sheddingfrequency in water. Therefore, matching the system's natural frequencywith the shedding frequency would result in an extremely large springconstant. A spring this size would require a great deal of force tomove. The lift characteristics of this application do not provide enoughlift to overcome this spring constant, and no vibrations will occur.

Therefore, a need exists for portable, non-rotating devices that cangenerate useful amounts of electrical power from wind in a quiet,inconspicuous manner.

SUMMARY

Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to harnessing windpower. In an embodiment of the invention, the device uses the fluid flowprinciple of vortex shedding and self-excited oscillations, which canresult from transverse galloping phenomena to generate oscillatory,linear motion of a beam. In an embodiment of the invention, linearmagnetic inductors, also referred to as linear alternators, optionallylocated near both ends of the beam generate electrical power when thebeam is in motion.

In an aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate andsustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and an inductorsystem, also referred to as a linear alternator system, operable togenerate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable toinitiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy,using self-excited oscillation caused by vortex shedding, transversegalloping, or some combination thereof, and an inductor system, alsoreferred to as a linear alternator system, operable to generateelectrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In one ormore embodiments, the suspended bluff body may comprise a frame movablysupporting at least one beam, one or more first springs, one or moresecond springs, wherein the one or more first springs attach a firstportion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or moresecond springs attach a second portion of the frame to a second portionof the beam such that the beam is suspended between the first and secondportions of the frame, and wherein the linear alternator systemcomprises at least one inductor, also referred to as an electromagneticcoil, attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame, atleast one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame orthe beam, wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes thefirst inductor to pass the at least one magnet. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the beam may have a D-shape. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the beam may be hollow. Any of the proceeding embodimentsmay further comprise one or more guide rails, also referred to as motionguides. Any of the proceeding embodiments may further comprise one ormore additional beams, one or more additional upper springs, one or moreadditional lower springs, wherein the one or more additional uppersprings attach a first portion of the additional beam to a third portionof the beam and the one or more additional lower springs attach a secondportion of the additional beam to a fourth portion of the beam such thatthe one or more additional beams are suspended between the first andsecond portions of the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, thefirst portion of the frame may be an upper portion, the first portion ofthe beam may be an upper portion, the second portion of the frame may bea lower portion, and the second portion of the beam may be a lowerportion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the third portion of theframe may be a side portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, thebeam may be suspended substantially horizontally. In any of theproceeding embodiments, the motion of the beam may be substantiallyvertical. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beammay be uniformly smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surfaceof the beam may be partially smooth. In any of the proceedingembodiments, a surface of the beam may be uniformly rough. In any of theproceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be partially rough. Inany of the proceeding embodiments, the at least one electromagnetic coilor the at least one magnet may be attached to a first end of the beam.In any of the proceeding embodiments, the spring mass or stiffness maybe selected to promote self-oscillatory motion. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the beam may have a cross-sectional geometry selected fromthe group consisting of a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, a reversedD-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the round portion of thebeam rather than the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a“greater than” or “less than” orientation relative to the incident wind.In any of the proceeding embodiments, the springs may be stretched in aresting state. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam mass maybe selected to promote self-oscillatory motion. In a further aspect ofthe present invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generatesoscillatory motion in response to wind energy and generates electricalenergy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatususing electromagnetic induction. In a further aspect of the presentinvention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus ofany of the proceeding embodiments to wind generates oscillatory motionin response to wind energy using self-excited oscillation caused byvortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, andgenerates electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus using electromagnetic induction.

Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to harnessing windpower. In an embodiment of the invention, the device uses the fluid flowprinciple of vortex shedding and transverse galloping to generateoscillatory, linear motion of a beam. In an embodiment of the invention,linear alternators optionally located near both ends of the beamgenerate electrical power when the beam is in motion.

In an aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to initiate andsustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and a linearalternator system operable to generate energy via the motion of thesuspended bluff body. In one or more embodiments, the suspended bluffbody may comprise a frame movably supporting at least one beam, one ormore first springs, one or more second springs, wherein the one or morefirst springs attach a first portion of the frame to a first portion ofthe beam and the one or more second springs attach a second portion ofthe frame to a second portion of the beam such that the beam issuspended between the first and second portions of the frame, andwherein the linear alternator system comprises at least oneelectromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion ofthe frame, at least one magnet attached to one of the third portion ofthe frame or the beam, wherein motion of the beam when exposed to windcauses the first inductor to pass the at least one magnet. In any of theproceeding embodiments, the beam may have a D-shape. In any of theproceeding embodiments, the beam may be hollow. Any of the proceedingembodiments may further comprise one or more motion guides. Any of theproceeding embodiments may further comprise one or more additionalbeams, one or more additional upper springs, one or more additionallower springs, wherein the one or more additional upper springs attach afirst portion of the additional beam to a third portion of the beam andthe one or more additional lower springs attach a second portion of theadditional beam to a fourth portion of the beam such that the one ormore additional beams are suspended between the first and secondportions of the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the firstportion of the frame may be an upper portion, the first portion of thebeam may be an upper portion, the second portion of the frame may be alower portion, and the second portion of the beam may be a lowerportion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the third portion of theframe may be a side portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, thebeam may be suspended substantially horizontally. In any of theproceeding embodiments, the motion of the beam may be substantiallyvertical. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beammay be uniformly smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surfaceof the beam may be partially smooth. In any of the proceedingembodiments, a surface of the beam may be uniformly rough. In any of theproceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be partially rough. Inany of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil orthe at least one magnet may be attached to a first end of the beam. Inany of the proceeding embodiments, the spring stiffness may be selectedto promote self-oscillatory motion. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the beam may have a cross-sectional geometry selected fromthe group consisting of a square, a cylinder, a reversed D-Beam (wherethe wind is primarily incident on the round portion of the beam ratherthan the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a “greaterthan” or “less than” orientation relative to the incident wind. In anyof the proceeding embodiments, the springs may be stretched in a restingstate. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam mass may beselected to promote self-oscillatory motion. In a further aspect of thepresent invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generatesoscillatory motion in response to wind energy using vortex shedding,transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and generateselectrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus using electromagnetic induction.

Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatuses where a central axis of the at least oneelectromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis ofthe beam. In an embodiment of the invention, the at least one magnet ispositioned relative to the at least one electromagnetic coil such thatthe beam when exposed to wind causes an electromagnetic coil to pass theat least one magnet generating electrical power.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable toinitiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and alinear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via themotion of the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of theinvention, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supportingat least one beam, the linear alternator system comprises at least oneelectromagnetic coil and at least one magnet, a central axis of the atleast one electromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to alongitudinal axis of the beam, and the at least one magnet is positionedrelative to the at least one electromagnetic coil such that motion ofthe beam when exposed to wind causes the first electromagnetic coil topass the at least one magnet. In one or more embodiments, the at leastone electromagnetic coil is attached to one of the beam or a thirdportion of the frame and the at least one magnet is attached to one ofthe third portion of the frame or the beam. In any of the proceedingembodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be spaced apart fromthe at least one beam by a mounting bracket. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the mounting bracket can position a central axis of the atleast one electromagnetic coil along the same longitudinal axis as thecentral axis of the at least one beam. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the at least one magnet can be positioned in a spaceprovided between the at least one electromagnetic coil and the beam. Inany of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil canextend beyond a face of the at least one beam. In any of the proceedingembodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be attached to the atleast one beam and the at least one magnet can be attached to the frame.In any of the proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coilcan be attached to the frame and the at least one magnet can be attachedto the at least one beam.

Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatuses where a linear alternator system comprises atleast one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or the frameand two or more pairs of magnets. In an embodiment of the invention, anelectromagnetic coil passes through magnetic fields generated by thepairs of magnets generating electricity.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable toinitiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and alinear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via themotion of the suspended bluff body, and the linear alternator systemcomprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beamor the frame and two or more pairs of magnets. Additionally, in afurther aspect of the invention, the two or more pairs of magnets areattached to one of the frame or the beam, and the at least oneelectromagnetic coil passes through magnetic fields generated by the twoor more pairs of magnets. In one or more embodiments of the invention, afirst side of a first magnet of a first pair of magnets faces a firstside of a second magnet of the first pair of magnets, wherein the firstside of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets has a polarity ofNorth or South and the first side of the second magnet of the first pairof magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity of thefirst side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets differs fromthe polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the first pair ofmagnets, and wherein a first side of a first magnet of a second pair ofmagnets faces a first side of a second magnet of the second pair ofmagnets, wherein the first side of the first magnet of the second pairof magnets has a polarity of North or South and the first side of thesecond magnet of the second pair of magnets has a polarity of North orSouth, wherein the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of thesecond pair of magnets differs from the polarity of the first side ofthe second magnet of the second pair of magnets. In any of theproceeding embodiments, the polarity of the first side of the firstmagnet of the first pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of thefirst side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets and thepolarity of the first side of the second magnet of the second pair ofmagnets can differ from the polarity of the first side of the secondmagnet of the first pair of magnets. In any of the proceedingembodiments, a first side of a first magnet of a third pair of magnetscan face a first side of a second magnet of the third pair of magnets,wherein the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of magnetscan have a polarity of North or South and the first side of the secondmagnet of the third pair of magnets can have a polarity of North orSouth, wherein the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of thethird pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of the first side ofthe second magnet of the third pair of magnets. In any of the proceedingembodiments, the polarity of at least one of the first side of the firstmagnet of the first pair of magnets, the first side of the first magnetof the second pair of magnets, and the first side of the first magnet ofthe third pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of at least oneof the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets, thefirst side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets, and thefirst side of the first magnet of the third pair of magnets.

Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatuses wherein the linear alternator system comprises atleast one electromagnetic coil inset into one of a beam or a frame andat least one magnet inset in one of the frame or the beam. In anembodiment of the invention, motion of the beam when exposed to windcauses the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnetgenerating energy.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable toinitiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and alinear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via themotion of the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of theinvention, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supportingat least one beam. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention,the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coilinset into one of the beam or the frame and at least one magnet inset inone of the frame or the beam, and a central axis of the at least oneelectromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis ofthe beam and motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at leastone electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet. In one or moreembodiments of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil isinset in the at least one beam and the at least one magnets is inset inthe third portion of the frame. In one or more embodiments of theinvention, the at least one electromagnetic coil is inset in the thirdportion of the frame and the at least one magnets is inset in the atleast one beam.

Further aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating wind energytransmission apparatus and method. In an embodiment of the invention,each of the two wire leads from each of the electromagnetic coilsconnect to a spring for electricity transmission and separate wire leadsconnect to each of the springs at the location of contact between thesprings and the frame to continue the transmission of electricity fromthe springs to a preferred point of use.

In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energytransmission apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable toinitiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and alinear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via themotion of the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of theinvention, the suspended bluff body comprises a frame movably supportingat least one beam. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention,the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coilattached to one of the beam the frame and at least one magnet attachedto one of the frame or the beam. Also, in a further aspect of theinvention, motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at leastone electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet and a first wirelead from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to at leastone of the one or more first springs and a second wire lead from the atleast one electromagnetic coil is connected to the other of the at leastone of the one or more second springs. In one or more embodiments of theinvention, a third wire lead from at least one of the one or more firstsprings can be connected to the first portion of the frame and a fourthwire lead from the other of the at least one of the one or more secondsprings can be connected to the second portion of the frame. In any ofthe proceeding embodiments, the first and second portions of the frameare configured for transmission of electricity from the first and secondsprings to one or more points of use.

Further aspects of the invention relate to a method for electricitytransmission comprising generating electricity using an apparatusaccording to any of the embodiments described above and transmittingelectricity from one or more wire leads of the one or more springs tothe frame.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-rotatingalternative to wind turbines, which produces comparable electrical powerand which is portable, easy to transport, and less susceptible todamage. In some embodiments, the device is considerably smaller than aresidential or large scale wind turbine. In some embodiments, the devicecan be easily disassembled, stowed, and transported to remote areas suchas a campsite or forward operating military base. In some embodiments,the device operation allows for inconspicuous and virtually silentoperation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following description of thepreferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of Vortex Shedding, demonstrating theformation of vortices and subsequent motion.

FIG. 2 is a graph of Reynolds Number vs. Strouhal Number showing therelationship between Strouhal number and Reynolds number for circularcylinders.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a non-rotational wind generatingenergy generator according to one aspect of the invention as shown inside view (3A) and front view (3B).

FIGS. 4A and 4B provide perspective views of a non-rotating wind energygenerator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 6 is a plot of the coefficient of lift vs. time (sec) for a seriesof beams having four different cross-sectional shapes, each at the samecharacteristic length.

FIG. 7 is a plot of the coefficient of lift vs. time (sec) for a seriesof D-beams having a characteristic length of 0.001 m, 0.025 m, 0.05 m,0.075 m and 0.1 m.

FIG. 8 is a plot of lift force (N) vs. time (sec) and demonstrates howthe size of a beam (here a D-beam) affects the lift force produced byvortex shedding.

FIG. 9 shows the electromagnetic coil assembly according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of a mounting system for the non-rotatingwind energy generator according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a mounting system for mounting a beam onto a frameaccording to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a perspective drawing of a beam according to one or moreembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a voltage trace of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 14 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 15 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 16 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind energygenerator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind energygenerator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 18 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 19 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 20 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 21 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 22 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 23 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind energygenerator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 24 shows magnets according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 25 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C show magnets and coils according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 27A and 27B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 28A and 28B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 29A and 29B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 30A and 30B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 31A, 31B, and 31C show electricity transmission according to anembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to harnessing windpower. In one aspect, a device is provided to generate electricity fromnon-rotational motion caused by wind flow. Wind is typicallycharacterized as unsteady flow; therefore the device is capable ofoperation in unsteady flow characteristics. To maximize the systemefficiency, losses due to friction and drag are minimized, and methodsof electrical energy harvesting are optimized. The device is easy totransport and deploy. A nominal wind speed of approximately 6 m/s isused as the basis for the prototype design and testing. However, thefull-scale system is able to operate over a wide range of wind speeds.

Non-rotating wind energy generation is provided by first establishingnon-rotating motion from wind flow, and then using that motion togenerate electricity. In one aspect, a device does not use rotationalmotion similar to wind turbines currently on the market, but instead,the device uses self-excited oscillation caused, for example, by thefluid flow principle of vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or somecombination thereof, to generate oscillatory, linear motion of a beam.

The phenomenon of vortex shedding involves the formation of alternatingvortices which form behind a bluff body when it is placed in fluid flow.An oscillating resultant lift force acts on the body as these vorticesare shed. Vortex shedding is caused when a fluid flows past a bluntobject. The fluid flow past the object creates alternating low-pressurevortices on the downstream side of the object and the object will tendto move toward the low-pressure zone. Eventually, if the frequency ofvortex shedding matches the resonance frequency of the structure, thestructure will begin to resonate and the structure's movement can becomeself-sustaining. The transverse galloping phenomenon is a form ofaerodynamic instability that can result in large amplitude oscillationsof a body with certain cross sections. Galloping can occur due to theaerodynamic forces that can be induced by the transverse motions of thestructure. These aerodynamic self-excited forces can act in thedirection of the transverse motion, which can result in negativedamping, which can increase the amplitude of the transverse motion untilit reaches a limit cycle. Galloping-induced oscillations can be causedby forces which act on a structural element as it is subjected toperiodic variations in the angle of attack of the wind flow. Usually theperiodically varying angle of attack is generated by a cross-windoscillation of the structure. The potential susceptibility of astructure to galloping starting from a given equilibrium position can beevaluated using the well-known Den Hartog stability criterion. Gallopingis a low frequency phenomenon, that can take place at much lowerfrequencies than vortex shedding. In addition galloping instability canbe caused by the change with the body angle of attack of aerodynamicforces, whereas vortex shedding can be a characteristic of the body wakeformation. Therefore, although in certain circumstances both phenomenacan appear simultaneously, they generally are uncoupled and can beanalyzed separately.

The intensity of these vortices and resulting lift force are directlyrelated to the cross-sectional shape and size of the bluff body. Theformation of vortices and subsequent motion is shown in FIG. 1. It ispossible to predict the frequency at which these vortices will occur byusing a dimensionless constant called the Strouhal Number (St) (SeeEquation 1, below).

$\begin{matrix}{{St} = \frac{fL}{v}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

In this equation, f is the vortex shedding frequency, L is thecharacteristic length (See Equation 2, below), and v is the velocity ofthe fluid flow before it contacts the body.

$\begin{matrix}{L = \frac{4\; A}{P}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Equation 2 gives the definition of hydraulic diameter where A is thearea of the submersed body, and P is the wetted perimeter of the body.Characteristic length L appears in both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers.

When a body is placed in a fluid flow within a certain range of Reynoldsnumber, a series of vortices occur at a frequency which can be predictedby the Strouhal number. Equation 3 defines Reynolds number as a functionof the velocity of the fluid before it contacts the body (approachvelocity), V, the characteristic length, L, the density of the fluid ρ,and the viscosity of the fluid, μ.

$\begin{matrix}{{Re} = \frac{\rho \; {VL}}{\mu}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

An acceptable range of Reynolds numbers for predictable vortex sheddingis displayed in FIG. 2. The curves in FIG. 2 are for a circularcylinder. The reported value for the Strouhal number for a D-Beam is0.21 (See, e.g., Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook by Robert D. Blevins,Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984) and is independent of the Reynoldsnumber. FIG. 2 depicts a straight horizontal line that is representativeof the Strouhal number for a D-beam. From equation (1) above, f=StV/L,thus with a constant St for a D-beam, the frequency of oscillationincreases with the wind speed and decreases as L increases. For a givenaverage wind velocity, one can size the beam for the desired frequency.For other shapes, the Strouhal value may differ, but a similar processcan be used to size a bluff body for a desired frequency. A certain setof flow conditions must exist in order for the shedding frequency tooccur. Each vortex created in this series of vortices, called a VonKarman Vortex Street, carries alternating high and low pressure regions.The bluff body is drawn to the low pressure regions creating anoscillating resultant force. In embodiments of the present invention,this force is used to initiate motion of the generator system.

In one or more embodiments, the beam design is selected to provideself-excited vibrations when exposed to wind. Self-excited vibration isa phenomenon in which the motion of a system causes it to oscillate atits natural frequency with continually growing amplitude. In one or moreembodiments of the invention, vortex shedding will initiate self-excitedvibration of a beam. In one or more embodiments, a beam will continue tooscillate at the system's natural frequency when exposed to a wind flow.In one or more embodiments, the system controls the amplitude ofoscillation using springs. In further more embodiments, the systemutilizes stops to limit the amplitude of oscillation.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a non-rotational wind energygenerator 300 according to one aspect of the invention. In one aspect, abeam 303 is slidably mounted in a frame 305 to provide oscillatorymotion of the beam due to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or acombination thereof, that is substantially perpendicular to the winddirection 302, or which has a component that is substantiallyperpendicular. The beam is equipped with at least a pair of springs 304positioned above and below the beam to provide restorative force to thebeam subjected to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or acombination thereof. This provides oscillatory motion of the beam whilein wind contact. The springs can be secured to the frame usingconventional methods such as latches, hooks, welds, bonds and the like.Due to the high stress experienced by the spring or other joiningdevice, the securing method desirably provides high material strengthand low fatigue life. To maintain a constant spring rate, coil diameterand/or number of coils must increase as wire diameter increases. Linearalternators 301 are shown located near both ends of the beam; however,they can be located anywhere in any number. They generate electricalpower when the beam is in motion. A damping system 307 can be providedto further control the amplitude of the oscillations.

The non-rotating wind energy generating device uses the interaction ofthe beam with wind to induce vortex shedding, transverse galloping, andlinear motion, which is then converted to electrical power withelectromagnetic inductors, also referred to as linear alternators. Inone or more embodiments, the linear alternators incorporate magnets thatare concentric with the wire coil. Other embodiments may use multiplepairs of parallel, stationary magnets and electromagnetic coils, such aselectromagnetic coils with a circular or square shape, that are fixed toa beam that passes between the magnets during operation. The use of aparallel magnet/coil configuration has been experimentally proven to besuperior to a concentric magnet/coil configuration in at least oneembodiment. This configuration permits a larger clearance between themagnets and coils. This helps prevent damping caused by rubbing duringbeam motion. The use of parallel stationary magnets increases thestrength of the magnetic field in the linear inductors, also referred toas linear alternators. Magnetic field strength is a contributing factorof electrical power generation in magnetic inductors usingelectromagnetic induction.

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict a non-rotating wind energy generator according toan embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, there aremagnets 401, inductor assemblies, also referred to as linear alternatorassemblies, 402, a beam 403, springs 404, a frame 405, guiderails 406,and adjustable L-brackets 408. In this embodiment, the beam 403 and theframe 405 each have four connection points consisting of J-hooks 407.The frame height is adjusted by moving the top member up or down topre-drilled hole locations. The frame is constructed of wood, metal,plastic or any other material that provides sufficient support for thebeam during oscillation. For example, the frame should not distort orbend under operational forces. In this embodiment, four springs 404attach the beam 403 to the frame 405 via the J-hooks 407. In thisembodiment, there is clearance space between the beam 403 and theadjustable L-brackets 408 and between the beam 403 and the wind guards406. Wind guards reduce the lateral pressure of the wind against thebeam in the motion guides and keep the beam oscillating in the correctdirection while reducing the amount of friction.

In an embodiment of the invention, wind energy is used to induceself-excited oscillations of the suspended beam 403. The fluid flowphenomena of vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combinationthereof, are harnessed to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion of oneor more beams 403. This reciprocating motion is used to generateelectricity via electromagnetic induction using the magnets 401 and thelinear alternator assemblies 402. An embodiment of an linear alternatorassembly is described in greater detail in FIG. 9. In some embodimentsof the invention, magnets are stationary and electromagnetic coils, suchas wire coils, move relative to the magnets. In further embodiments ofthe invention, electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, are stationaryand magnets move relative to the electromagnetic coils. In still furtherembodiments of the invention, both magnets and electromagnetic coils,such as wire coils, may move.

When vortex shedding and transverse galloping occur in the system, suchas when the vortex shedding frequency matches the natural frequency ofthe system, extremely large amplitude of motion will be achieved. Inembodiments of the invention, the spring system controls and maintainsoscillatory behavior. The springs may have the same spring tension inorder to keep the beam suspended. In embodiments of the invention, thenumber, size, and stiffness of the springs may be varied. Oscillatorymovement is not solely caused by vortex shedding. A phenomenon calledtransverse galloping, which can result in self-excited oscillations, mayalso be responsible for continuous motion in embodiments of theinvention. In embodiments of the invention, after vortex sheddinginduces a small displacement input, the motion of the system itself dueto transverse galloping causes it to oscillate at its natural frequencywhile in a wind flow. In some embodiments of the invention, springs 404range in constants from 0.1 lbs/in up to 3 lbs/in.

In embodiments of the invention, a second beam (or more) may be mountedin parallel to the first beam for a two degree (or more) of freedomsystem.

FIG. 5 shows the beam 501 according to an embodiment of the invention.In this embodiment, the beam is hollow on the inside and has a D-shape,and the inductor assemblies 502 are attached to each end of the beam501. In an embodiment of the invention, the D-shaped beam has a lengthof 24 inches (exclusive of the inductor assemblies), a diameter of 2inches, wall thickness of ⅛ inch, and a weight of 0.5 pounds. In anembodiment of the invention, an equivalent spring stiffness of 0.5lbs/in may be used with a 0.5 lb beam.

In other embodiments, other beam shapes may be used. For example, thebeam may be a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, a reversed D-Beam (wherethe wind is primarily incident on the flat portion of the beam ratherthan the round portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a “greaterthan” or “less than” orientation relative to the incident wind.Additionally, in embodiments of the invention, the surface of the beammay be smooth, and in further embodiments of the invention, the surfacemay be rough, uniformly or at selected locations. In embodiments of theinvention, the beam may be fitted with weights for optimal mass toadjust the frequency and amplitude.

One or more beams can be used in the non-rotating wind energy device. Insome embodiments, the plurality of beams can include a rigid spacerbetween beams and the multi-beam system can be secured to the frame bysprings attached to the upper and lower beams. In other embodiments, theplurality of beams can be joined by springs to one another and to theframe.

Each beam can be secured to the side of the frame using a variety ofconventional means. For example, the beams can terminate at each side ina ring 1100 having a central conduit 1101 and a rod 1102 can be mountedthrough the central conduit for securing the beam to the frame 1103. Thecentral conduit can be fitted with linear or ball bearings to reduceresistance. An exemplary mounting system is shown in FIG. 11. In thisembodiment, four pre-stretched springs 1106 are attached to the top andbottom of the assembly. This pre-stretch can be adjusted by raising thetop beam of the frame.

In other embodiments, a bumper style system is used in which the systemshould oscillate freely. If there is a large gust of wind, the windguards will keep the beam oscillating in the correct direction whilereducing the amount of friction. FIGS. 4A and 4B show wind guardsoriented vertically and placed near the sides of the frame on the frontand back of the apparatus; however, they may be located anywhere in anynumber.

A further embodiment of the beam is shown in FIG. 12. The beam 1200itself can be hollowed out to minimize mass. At either end, there aretwo cylindrical containers 1210. Weight can be added to the containersto adjust the mass of the beam for certain applications, or aelectromagnetic coil 1230 can be fabricated to slip into the containerto accommodate the induction system. Snap-in caps 1220 that cover thecylindrical containers also serve the function of acting as bumpers. Ahole 1240 can be drilled in the top of each cap with a diameter largerthan the guide rail on which it lies.

FIG. 6 is a plot of coefficient of lift v. time for a beam havingdifferent shapes. In order to provide the ability to compare, thecharacteristic length of each beam was kept constant at 0.1 m. Beamshaving cross-sectional shapes of cylinder, D-beam, ‘greater than’ wedgeand ‘less than’ wedge were compared. D-beams showed a lift that wassteady and that maintained large amplitude as compared to other modeledbeam systems.

The length of the beam can be varied to provide oscillatory amplitudeand frequency for any desired application. Each characteristic length ofa beam for a given beam shape and material typically provides the samemagnitude of the coefficient of lift. However, as the characteristiclength decreases (all things being equal), the frequency of vorticesincreases. This is demonstrated in FIG. 7, where the properties ofD-beams having different characteristic lengths were modeled. In FIG. 7,the coefficient of lift is plotted vs. time (sec) for a series ofD-beams having a characteristic length of 0.001 m, 0.025 m, 0.05 m,0.075 m and 0.1 m. While amplitude was similar, frequency varied withthe change in beam length. While such a relationship between frequencyand beam length is observed, the spring force will also play asignificant role in the oscillation frequency. In one or moreembodiments, amplitude is dependent upon working spring length, initialstretch, spring constant, and wind speed. A range of springs withvarying spring constants and spring lengths can be used to provide thedesired spring constant.

FIG. 8 is a plot of lift force (N) vs. time (sec) and demonstrates howthe size of a beam (here a D-beam) affects the lift force produced byvortex shedding. As size increases, frequency decreases and lift forceincreases. The selection of the beam having length, shape and diameterprovides a non-rotating wind energy generator having a selected (high)frequency and amplitude. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, thebeam has a D-shape. Beam frequency and lift force are provided in Table1 for an exemplary D-beam.

TABLE 1 Charac- Maximum teristic Frequency Lift Shape Length (Hz) Force(N) Forcing Function D-Beam 0.001 1041.667 0.073 F(t) =0.073cos(6544.985t) D-Beam 0.025 40.161 2.396 F(t) = 2.396cos(252.337t)D-Beam 0.050 20.000 4.890 F(t) = 4.89cos(125.664t) D-Beam 0.075 13.4237.312 F(t) = 7.312cos(84.338t) D-Beam 0.100 10.204 9.458 F(t) =9.458cos(64.114t)

In one or more embodiments, the beam design is selected to provideself-excited oscillations by, for example, inducing transverse gallopingwhen exposed to wind. Transverse galloping is a phenomenon in which themotion of a system causes it to oscillate at its natural frequency withcontinually growing amplitude. In the case of this design, a D-beam willcontinue to oscillate at the systems natural frequency when exposed to awind flow. In order to provide a self-exciting system that oscillates atits natural frequency, the force required to move the beam can bedecreased by using lower mass and spring rates.

Linear electromagnetic induction is provided for generating usableamounts of electrical power. Faraday's Law states that voltage is equalto the rate of change of magnetic flux. Faraday's Law and magnetic fluxare shown in Equations 6 and 7 respectively. A permanent magnet formsthe magnetic field and the energy is captured via a loop of wire movingthrough that field.

$\begin{matrix}{ɛ = \frac{\phi_{B}}{t}} & (6) \\{\phi_{B} = {{BA}\; {\cos (\theta)}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

ε is the induced voltage, φ_(B) is the magnetic flux, B is the magneticfield strength, A is the cross sectional area of the loop, and θ is theangle that the magnetic field makes with a vector normal to the area ofthe loop.

Some current designs involve moving a magnet through a stationaryelectromagnetic coil, while others involve the movement of anelectromagnetic coil over a stationary magnet. It is important to notethat the change in magnetic flux defines the amount of voltagegenerated. All rotational electric generators use electromagneticinduction to generate voltage by spinning a coil of wire through amagnetic field. The ever-changing magnetic flux due to the continuouslychanging θ creates a constant voltage.

FIG. 9 shows the electromagnetic inductor assembly 901 according to anembodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the inductor assembly901 comprises a spool 902, wire 903, which wraps around the spool 902,and an end-cap 905 of the beam, into which the spool 902 and wire 903fit. In one or more embodiments, the moving beam contains the spool ofwire and the coil of wire passes over a stationary magnet. In otherembodiments, the support frame holds the coil of wire and the movingbeam bearing a permanent or electric magnet passes over the stationarywire coil.

In embodiments of the invention the number of turns, wire gauge, andother properties of the inductor assembly may be varied. In anembodiment of the invention, 32 gauge wire may be used.

In embodiments of the invention, a parallel magnet linear alternator isused to generate electricity from the reciprocating beam motion. Such alinear alternator can overcome motion-damping issues that can occur inembodiments with concentric magnet and coil configurations.

FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of a non-rotating wind energygenerator according to an embodiment of the invention. As can be seen inFIG. 10, in this embodiment, the magnets 1001 attach to the guide rails1004 via an adjustable L-bracket 1005. In this embodiment, there isclearance between the beam 1003 and the guide rails 1004, as well asbetween the beam 1003 and the adjustable L-brackets 1005. In embodimentsof the invention, the location of the magnets 1001 and theelectromagnetic coil 1002 may be reversed. In an embodiment of theinvention, 8020 aluminum framing material may be used to create theframe. Adjustable slides may be used on both sides of the assembly tohold the magnets and aluminum guide walls.

In an embodiment of the invention, the system is capable of generatingapproximately 30 VAC and in excess of 2.7 W of electrical power.

A prototype was constructed as shown in FIG. 4B. The prototype was setup using a large industrial fan capable of producing an average windspeed of 4 m/s. The D-beam had a length of 24 inches (exclusive of theinductor assemblies), a diameter of 2 inches, a wall thickness of ⅛inch, and a weight of 0.5 pounds. Three sets of springs were tested toobtain a general range of spring constant in which the system wouldself-excite. The springs ranged in constants from 0.1 lbs/in up to 3lbs/in. Using this approximate range of spring stiffnesses, anequivalent spring stiffness was identified to accommodate the weight ofthe beam and cause self-induced vibrations to occur (e.g., 0.5 lb beamself-excited with an equivalent stiffness of 0.5 lbs/in). 8020 aluminumframing material was used to create the frame. A prototype with anequivalent spring constant of 3.24 lbs/in was tested with 32 gauge wirein the inductor, which resulted in a total voltage of 22 V. The voltagetrace of the assembly is shown in FIG. 13. 32 gauge wire is only ratedfor a maximum of 0.09 Amps of current before it will melt. Therefore,the maximum power was limited by the current limitation of the wire. Atthe maximum allowable current of 0.09 amps, the power output wascalculated using the following: P=IV=0.09 A*22 V=1.98 W.

In an embodiment of the invention, the device may be considerably morecompact and transportable than current wind energy generators. Itscompact design makes the embodiment inherently less susceptible toairborne threats (birds, flying debris, etc.) that can easily damage thespinning blades of wind turbine generator. In an embodiment of theinvention, the unique design of the generator makes it more useful in avariety of applications. Its portable and easily collapsible designmakes it practical for mobile charging of electronic devices (forconsumer and military purposes). Its compact, low profile form factormakes it ideal for larger scale applications (e.g. wind farms,urban/suburban settings) where visually obtrusive wind turbines areunsuitable. Additionally, in an embodiment of the invention, the movingparts of the embodiment are contained within the body of the system andpose less of a safety hazard than large, rotating blades that could beharmful to humans and animals. The potential applications forembodiments of the invention are essentially limitless.

Embodiments of the invention convert kinetic energy of an oscillatingbluff body (e.g., a beam driven by fluid flow phenomena) into electricalenergy via electromagnetic inductor.

In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire are located at the endsof an oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam) and the flat face of the wirecoils is parallel to the front flat face of the beam. The central axisof the coil can be perpendicular to the central axis of the beam.

FIG. 14 exemplifies a further embodiment of a beam, such as the beamdepicted in FIG. 5, where the flat face of the coil of wire is parallelto the front flat face of the beam. FIG. 14 shows the beam 1401according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment thecoils of wire 1402 are attached to each end of the beam 1403. The coilsof wire 1402 can be located at the ends of the moving beam such that theflat face of the coil of wire 1402 is parallel to the front flat face ofthe beam 1403. The central axis of the coil can be perpendicular to thecentral axis of the beam. FIG. 26C depicts a similar embodiment to FIG.14 and provides a view of the coils of wire 2602.

In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire attached to anoscillating bluff body can pass through a single pair of magnets thathave poles (North, South) that face each other.

FIG. 16 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according to anembodiment of the present invention where the beam of FIG. 14 is used.In this embodiment, there are magnets 1601, coil of wire 1602, a beam1603, springs 1604, and a frame 1605. In this embodiment, the beam 1603and the frame 1605 each have four connection points 1607. Coil of wire1602 located at the ends of the moving beam 1603 pass through a singlepair of parallel magnets 1601 on each end of the system frame 1605.

In embodiments of the invention, multiple pairs of magnets can bepositioned in specific arrangements. Such embodiments can have improvedkinetic energy to electrical energy conversion. For example, multiplepairs of magnets can be positioned above and below other pairs ofmagnets such that as the bluff body (e.g., a beam) carrying the coilstravels up and down, the coils pass through several magnetic fieldsgenerated by the parallel magnets. In an embodiment of the invention,the relative polarity of each stacked magnet pair is reversed (North,South, North, South, etc.). In at least one embodiment of the invention,the change in magnetic flux direction that the coil of wire experiencesas the bluff body (e.g., beam) oscillates has a significant improvementin electrical energy conversion/generator power output. A gap of anydistance between adjacent pairs of magnets may or may not be present.

FIG. 17 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according to anembodiment of the present invention in which there are multiple pairs ofmagnets that are stacked on top of each other and in which thepolarities can be switched. In this embodiment, there are magnets 1701,coils of wire 1702, a beam 1703, springs 1704, and a frame 1705. In thisembodiment, the beam 1703 and the frame 1605 each have four connectionpoints 1707. In this embodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets1701, comprising first magnets 1701 a and second magnets 1701 b, thatare stacked on top of each other. As the beam 1703 carrying the coils ofwire 1702 travels up and down, the coils of wire 1702 pass throughseveral magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 1701. Inembodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701can be switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In furtherembodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701is not switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also include acombination of stacked magnets 1701 where the polarity is switched andstacked magnets 1701 that are not switched. In at least one embodimentof the invention, utilizing stacked magnets 1701 where the polarity isswitched can improve power output.

FIG. 23 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according to anadditional embodiment of the present invention in which there aremultiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each other. In thisembodiment, there are magnets 2301, coils of wire 2302, a beam 2303,springs 2304, and a frame 2305. In this embodiment, the beam 2303 andthe frame 2305 each have four connection points 2307. In thisembodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 2301 that are stacked ontop of each other. As the beam 2303 carrying the coils of wire 2302travels up and down, the coils of wire 2302 pass through severalmagnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 2301.

FIGS. 24-26 further illustrate the use of multiple pairs of magnets thatare stacked on top of each other and in which the polarities can beswitched according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 24 shows magnets according an embodiment of the invention. In theseembodiments, there can be multiple pairs of magnets 2401.

FIG. 25 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment of theinvention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2502 attached to amoving bluff body (e.g., beam) can pass through multiple sets of magnets2501.

FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C show magnets and coils according to anembodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 26A,the coils of wire 2602 attached to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) 2603can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2601. FIG. 26B shows a furtherview where the coils of wire 2602 attached to a moving bluff body (e.g.,beam) 2603 can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2601 and where themagnetic polarity of the magnets 2601 are indicated with the notation|Magnet Polarity Orientation| (e.g., “|North|South|” or“|South|North|”). FIG. 26C shows a further view of bluff body 2603 andthe coils of wire 2602.

In alternate embodiments of the invention, the coil of wire can belocated at the ends of oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam) with theirflat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam. The central axisof the coil can be parallel to the central axis of the beam. In at leastone such embodiment, lateral motion of the bluff body caused byexcessive wind forces acting on the front face of the beam will notcause the beam to come in contact with the magnet holders, guide plate,or any other surface. In an embodiment of the invention, the coils canbe mounted on extended “U-shape” mounting brackets to permit them topass through one or several sets of parallel magnets. The “U-shape”mounting bracket can position the center of mass of the coils of wire inthe same plane as the center of mass of the beam. In certainembodiments, this can provide improved stability.

FIG. 15 shows the beam 1501 in an alternate embodiment of the inventionin which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to a front faceof a beam and the central axis of the coil of wire is parallel to thecentral axis of the beam. In this embodiment the coil of wire 1502 areattached to each end of the beam 1503. The coil of wire 1502 can belocated at the ends of the moving beam with their flat faceperpendicular to the front face of the beam 1503. The central axis ofthe coil of wire 1502 can be parallel to the central axis of the beam1503. The coil of wire 1502 can be mounted on extended “U-shape”mounting brackets 1504. The coil of wire 1502 can pass through one ormore sets of parallel magnets.

FIGS. 20-22 provide further views of alternate embodiments of theinvention in which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to afront face of a beam and the central axis of the coil of wire isparallel to the central axis of the beam.

FIG. 20 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention.In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2002 is attached to each end of thebeam 2003. The coils of wire 2002 can be located at the ends of themoving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of thebeam 2003. The central axis of the coil of wire 2002 can be parallel tothe central axis of the beam 2003. The coils of wire 2002 can be mountedon extended “U-shape” mounting brackets 2004. The coil of wire 2002 canpass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2005.

FIG. 21 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In thisembodiment, the coil of wire 2102 is attached to each end of the beam2103. The coils of wire 2102 can be located at the ends of the movingbeam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam2103. The central axis of the coil of wire 2102 can be parallel to thecentral axis of the beam 2103. The coil of wire 2102 can be mounted onextended “U-shape” mounting brackets 2104. The coil of wire 2102 canpass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2105.

FIG. 22 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy generatoraccording to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In thisembodiment, the coils of wire 2202 are attached to each end of the beam2203. The coil of wire 2202 can be located at the ends of the movingbeam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam2203. The central axis of the coil of wire 2202 can be parallel to thecentral axis of the beam 2203. The coil of wire 2202 can be mounted onextended “U-shape” mounting brackets 2204. The coil of wire 2202 canpass through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2205.

In further alternate embodiments, the coils can be extended beyond thefront face of the bluff body (e.g., beam). In these further alternateembodiments, the center of mass of the coils is not in the same plane asthe center of mass of the beam.

FIG. 18 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to a further alternate embodiment of theinvention in which the coil of wire has a flat face perpendicular to afront face of a beam and the coils extend beyond the front face of thebeam. In this embodiment, there is a coil of wire 1802 and a beam 1803.The coil of wire 1802 can pass through one or more sets of parallelmagnets 1805.

FIG. 19 provides an additional cross-sectional top-view of anon-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternateembodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat faceperpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend beyond thefront face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a coil of wire 1902and a beam 1903. The coil of wire 1902 can pass through one or more setsof parallel magnets 1905.

FIGS. 27-30 depict additional alternate embodiments of the invention inwhich the magnets and coils of wire can be inset in the frame and thebeam. In these embodiments, lateral beam motion perpendicular to theflat face of the beam can avoid causing frictional contact with anysurface, or alternatively, can reduce frictional contact with thesurface.

FIGS. 27A and 27B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In thisembodiment, there are magnets 2701, coils of wire 2702, a beam 2703,springs 2704, and a frame 2705. In this embodiment the coils of wire2702 are attached to stationary members of the frame 2705. The coils ofwire 2702 can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the frontface of a beam 2703. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2701 aremounted to the beam 2703. In this embodiment, the magnets 2701 arepositioned close to the flat face of the coils of wire 2702 such thatthe magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire2702 as the beam 2703 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beammotion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2703 can avoid causingfrictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment,lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2703 canreduce frictional contact with a surface.

FIGS. 28A and 28B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In thisembodiment, there are magnets 2801, coil of wire 2802, a beam 2803,springs 2804, and a frame 2805. In this embodiment multiple coils ofwire 2802 are attached to stationary members of the frame 2806. Thecoils of wire 2802 can be located with their flat face perpendicular tothe front face of the beam. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets2801 are mounted to beam 2803. The magnet 2801 is positioned close tothe flat face of the coils of wire 2802 such that the magnetic fieldlines periodically pass through each of the coils of wire 2802 as thebeam oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicularto the flat face of the beam 2803 can avoid causing frictional contactwith any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motionperpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2803 can reduce frictionalcontact with a surface.

FIGS. 29A and 29B provide perspective views of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In thisembodiment, there are magnets 2901, coils of wire 2902, a beam 2903,springs 2904, and a frame 2905. In this embodiment the permanent magnets2901 are attached to stationary members of the frame 2905. The permanentmagnets 2901 can be located with their flat face perpendicular to thefront face of the beam 2903. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 2902are mounted to beam 2903. In this embodiment, the magnet 2901 ispositioned close to the flat face of the coil of wire 2902 such that themagnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 2902 asthe beam 2902 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam motionperpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2903 can avoid causingfrictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment,lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2903 canreduce frictional contact with a surface.

FIGS. 30A and 30B provide perspectives view of a non-rotating windenergy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. In thisembodiment, there are magnets 3001, coils of wire 3002, a beam 3003,springs 3004, and a frame 3005. In this embodiment multiple permanentmagnets 3001 are attached to stationary members of the frame 3005. Thepermanent magnets 3001 can be located with their flat face perpendicularto the front face of the beam 3003. In this embodiment, the coils ofwire 3002 are mounted to beam 3003. The magnets 3001 are positionedclose to the flat face of the coil of wire 3002 such that the magneticfield lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 3002 as the beam3003 oscillates. In one embodiment the stacked magnets have the samerelative polarity (e.g., N-N-N or S-S-S). In another embodiment thestacked magnets have reversing relative polarities (e.g., N-S-N orS-N-S). In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to theflat face of the beam 3003 can avoid causing frictional contact with anysurface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motionperpendicular to the flat face of the beam 3003 can reduce frictionalcontact with a surface.

In a further aspect of the invention, electricity is transmitted from ageneration source located onboard a moving bluff body (e.g., a beam) toa terminal statically located elsewhere on a non-rotating wind energygenerator (NRWEG). In certain embodiments of the invention, theembodiment may advantageously permit the transmission of electricityfrom the generation source located on a moving bluff body (e.g., a beam)to a static terminal location without the need for additional wire leadsor points of contact. In certain embodiments of the invention, thesprings used to suspend the bluff body (e.g., a beam) may advantageouslyact as wire leads that conduct electricity from the electromagneticcoils that are mounted onboard the moving bluff body (e.g., beam).

By using springs as leads for electricity transmission, the need foradditional wires or points of contact can be reduced or eliminated. Thiscan reduce the drag force on a beam due to mechanical friction fromrubbing contact or periodic flexing of separate wire leads. The use ofspring wire leads can also be more cost effective, reliable, and lesssusceptible to failure.

Aspects of the invention related to electricity transmission havesignificant economic potential when paired with aspects of the inventionrelated to non-rotating wind energy generator systems. For most or allcommercial applications of embodiments of non-rotating wind energygenerator systems, aspects of the invention related to electricitytransmission could be used for efficient operation/power generation.

In an embodiment of the non-rotating wind energy generator (NRWEG)apparatus, electromagnetic coils are mounted to a bluff body (e.g., abeam) that is suspended by springs. In this embodiment, duringoperation, airflow passes over the bluff body and causes it to oscillaterapidly. As the bluff body oscillates in this embodiment, theelectromagnetic coils pass through magnetic fields formed by permanentmagnets statically mounted to the NRWEG frame. When this occurs,electricity can be generated in the electromagnetic coils. Toeffectively use this electricity, it can be transmitted from theelectromagnetic coils to a statically mounted terminal location. Aneffective method for electricity transmission can include using thesprings as electrical leads. To do this, each of the two wire leads fromthe electromagnetic coil can be connected (e.g., via solder, clip,screw, etc.) to one of the springs that is used to suspend the bluffbody. The other end of the spring can be mounted to some portion (e.g.,the top and bottom horizontal members) of an NRWEG frame. A separatewire lead can be connected to each of the springs (at the location ofcontact between the spring and frame) to continue the transmission ofelectricity from the springs to the preferred point of use (e.g.,terminal box, power conditioning circuitry, etc.).

FIGS. 31A, 31B, and 31C show electricity transmission according to anembodiment of the invention where a method for electricity transmissioncan include using each of the two wire leads from each of theelectromagnetic coils connected to a spring for electricitytransmission, and further using separate wire leads connected to each ofthe springs at the location of contact between the springs and the frameto continue the transmission of electricity from the springs to apreferred point of use. In this embodiment, there are magnets 3101,electromagnetic coils 3102, a beam 3103, springs 3104, and a frame 3105.In this embodiment, electromagnetic coils 3102 are mounted to beam 3103that is suspended by springs 3104. In this embodiment, the beam 3103 andthe frame 3105 each have four connection points 3107. In thisembodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 3101 that are stacked ontop of each other. As the beam 3103 carrying the coil 3102 travels upand down, the coil 3102 pass through several magnetic fields generatedby the parallel magnets 3101. In embodiments of the invention, thepolarity of the stacked magnets 3101 can be switched (e.g., North,South, North, etc.). In further embodiments of the invention, thepolarity of the stacked magnets 3101 is not switched. Furtherembodiments of the invention can also include a combination of stackedmagnets 3101 where the polarity is switched and stacked magnets 3101that are not switched. In at least one embodiment of the invention,utilizing stacked magnets 3101 where the polarity is switched canimprove power output. In FIG. 31A, the magnets 3101 are depicted asopaque, whereas in FIG. 31B, the magnets 3101 are depicted transparentlyso that the coil 3102 can be seen. In this embodiment, during operation,airflow can pass over beam 3103 and causes it to oscillate rapidly. Asthe beam 3103 oscillates in this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils3102 pass through magnetic fields formed by magnets 3101 staticallymounted to the frame 3105. When this occurs, electricity can begenerated in the electromagnetic coils 3102. To effectively use thiselectricity, it can be transmitted from the electromagnetic coils 3102to a statically mounted terminal location (not shown), along electricitytransmission paths 3108, as illustrated in FIG. 31C. In FIG. 31C, thepositive and negative terminals of the terminal location (not shown) arerepresented with “+” and “−,” respectively. A method for electricitytransmission according to this embodiment can include using the springs3104 as electrical leads. To do this, each of the two wire leads fromeach of the electromagnetic coils 3102 can be connected (e.g., viasolder, clip, screw, etc.) to one of a spring 3104 that is used tosuspend the beam 3103. The other end of the spring 3104 can be mountedto some portion (e.g., the top and bottom horizontal members) of theframe 3105. A separate wire lead can be connected to each of the springs3104 at the location of contact between the spring 3104 and frame 3105to continue the transmission of electricity from the springs 3104 to thepreferred point of use (e.g., terminal box, power conditioningcircuitry, etc.).

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus,comprising: a bluff body operable to initiate and sustain non-rotationaloscillatory motion in response to wind energy; and an alternator systemoperable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the bluff body.2. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe bluff body comprises: a frame movably supporting at least one beam;one or more first springs; one or more second springs; wherein the oneor more first springs attach a first portion of the frame to a firstportion of the beam and the one or more second springs attach a secondportion of the frame to a second portion of the beam such that the beamis suspended between the first and second portions of the frame; andwherein the alternator system comprises at least one electromagneticcoil attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame; atleast one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame orthe beam; wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes thefirst electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet.
 3. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein thebeam has a D-shape.
 4. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatusof claim 2, wherein the beam is hollow.
 5. The non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus of claim 2, further comprising one or more motionguides.
 6. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,further comprising: one or more additional beams; one or more additionalupper springs; one or more additional lower springs; wherein the one ormore additional upper springs attach a first portion of the additionalbeam to a third portion of the beam and the one or more additional lowersprings attach a second portion of the additional beam to a fourthportion of the beam such that the one or more additional beams aresuspended between the first and second portions of the frame.
 7. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein thefirst portion of the frame is an upper portion, the first portion of thebeam is an upper portion, the second portion of the frame is a lowerportion, and the second portion of the beam is a lower portion.
 8. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein thethird portion of the frame is a side portion.
 9. The non-rotating windenergy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein the beam is suspendedsubstantially horizontally.
 10. The non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus of claim 2, wherein the motion of the beam is substantiallyvertical.
 11. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim2, wherein a surface of the beam is uniformly smooth.
 12. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein asurface of the beam is partially smooth.
 13. The non-rotating windenergy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein a surface of the beam isuniformly rough.
 14. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatusof claim 2, wherein a surface of the beam is partially rough.
 15. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein the atleast one electromagnetic coil or the at least one magnet is attached toa first end of the beam.
 16. The non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus of claim 2, wherein the spring mass is selected to promoteself-oscillatory motion.
 17. The non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus of claim 2, wherein the beam has a cross-sectional geometryselected from the group consisting of a square, a cylinder, a reversedD-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the round portion of thebeam rather than the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a“greater than” or “less than” orientation relative to the incident wind.18. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,wherein the springs are stretched in a resting state.
 19. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2, wherein thebeam mass is selected to promote self-oscillatory motion.
 20. A methodof generating electrical energy from wind energy comprising: exposingthe non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1 to wind togenerate oscillatory motion in response to wind energy; and generatingelectrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus using electromagnetic induction.
 21. The non-rotating windenergy generating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the alternator systemcomprises: at least one electromagnetic coil; at least one magnet;wherein motion of the bluff body when exposed to wind causes the firstelectromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet.
 22. Thenon-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 21, wherein theat least one magnet is stationary and the at least one electromagneticcoil is moveable.
 23. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatusof claim 21, wherein the at least one magnet is moveable and the atleast one electromagnetic coil is stationary.
 24. The non-rotating windenergy generating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bluff body isconfigured to oscillate based on at least one of vortex shedding andtransverse galloping.
 25. The non-rotating wind energy generatingapparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one stop configured tolimit a range of motion of the bluff body.
 26. The non-rotating windenergy generating apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bluff bodycomprises: a frame movably supporting at least one beam; one or moresprings; wherein the one or more springs attach a portion of the frameto a portion of the beam; and wherein the one or more springs areconfigured to transmit energy.
 27. The non-rotating wind energygenerating apparatus of claim 26, wherein the alternator systemcomprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to the beam or theframe; and wherein the at least one electromagnetic coil attaches to theone or more springs at a first end of the one or more springs and theone or more springs attach to the other of the frame or the beam at asecond end of the one or more springs such that the one or more springstransmit energy between the beam and the frame.
 28. A method ofgenerating electrical energy comprising: exposing a bluff body to windto generate oscillatory motion in response to wind energy using at leastone of vortex shedding and transverse galloping; and generatingelectrical energy via motion of the bluff body.
 29. The method of claim28, comprising exposing the bluff body to wind to generate oscillatorymotion in response to wind energy using vortex shedding and transversegalloping.